Кожные болезни человека фото: Как выглядят болезни кожи на фото, их названия и лечение

Кожные заболевания на теле. Какие бывают кожные болезни у человека, фото и описание с названиями

Кожа — это орган, покрывающий все тело человека или животного. Несмотря на кажущуюся внешнюю простоту, кожа — очень сложная система, ведь она принимает участие в дыхании организма, в терморегуляции, а также защищает от воздействия окружающей среды. Заболевания кожи могут сделать качество жизни человека хуже, а некоторые из них и существенно меняют привычный образ жизни пациента. В этой статье рассмотрим наиболее распространенные заболевания кожи.

Кожа — это сложная структура, которая включает в себя несколько слоев, подкожно-жировую клетчатку, корни волос, поры, мелкие нервные окончания и т.д. Строение кожи схематично можно увидеть на следующем рисунке:

Болезни кожи широко распространены. До 15% обращений к врачу общей практики обусловлено этими болезнями. Наиболее часто встречаются такие заболевания кожи, как:

• зудящие дерматозы;
• гиперкератозы;
• злокачественные новообразования кожи;
• угри, дерматофитии, фурункулы и карбункулы;
• невусы и бородавки.

Зудящие дерматозы

Это группа воспалительных заболеваний кожи, характеризующихся появлением пузырьков, мокнутием, покраснением, зудом и шелушением. К зудящим дерамозам можно отнести крапивницу, диффузный и ограниченный нейродермит, экзему, себорейный дерматит, ксеродермию, контактный дерматит.

Дерматофитии

Дерматофитии – группа заболеваний, вызываемых грибками. Это одни из самых распространенных болезней кожи. Так, (онихомикоз) встречается почти у 18% населения, а среди пожилых людей – у 50%.
Люди старше 70 лет являются своеобразным резервуаром существования онихомикозов. Очень часто они не обращаются к врачу и не лечатся. При этом происходит распространение инфекции в кругу семьи такого пожилого человека. Инфекция впоследствии передается окружающим в бассейнах, банях, душевых. Высока распространенность онихомикозов в достаточно закрытых профессиональных группах (военнослужащие, шахтеры, спортсмены, металлурги).
Грибковое поражение и гладкой кожи встречается несколько реже, однако также обладает высокой контагиозностью (заразностью). Следует понимать, что на здоровой коже и ногтях возникновение дерматофитии маловероятно. Это заболевание часто является симптомом серьезного неблагополучия в иммунной, эндокринной и сосудистой системах человека.

Таким образом, рассмотрев наиболее распространенные заболевания кожи, можно сказать, что при своевременном обнаружении все они хорошо поддаются лечению. Нужно только относиться к себе и своим близким с вниманием.

К какому врачу обратиться

Поражения кожи лечит врач-дерматолог, часто требуется помощь косметолога. Одновременно следует проконсультироваться у терапевта, не является ли кожное заболевание проявлением болезней внутренних органов. В некоторых случаях дополнительно нужен осмотр инфекциониста, иммунолога, гастроэнтеролога, аллерголога, эндокринолога.

На теле взрослого человека кожа занимает площадь около 2 квадратных метров. Она выполняет иммунную, защитную функции, отвечает за регуляцию водного баланса и температуры. Список возможных недугов, проявляющихся на кожных покровах, очень велик. Многие из них легко поддаются лечению без тяжелых последствий. Другие же требуют более комплексного подхода и предполагают длительную терапию.

Общие сведения о кожных заболеваниях

Кожные заболевания всегда возникают под воздействием определенных факторов — внутренних или внешних. Выраженность симптоматики и продолжительность заболевания зависит не только от вида возбудителя или провоцирующего элемента, но и от общего состояния организма. Крепкий иммунитет обладает высокой резистентностью, благодаря чему снижается риск развития тех или иных болезней. Любая патология имеет три основные стадии:

• хроническая, которая характеризуется длительным течением заболевания в скрытой форме, с периодическими обострениями;
• острая — наступает непосредственно после контакта с возбудителем, после чего проявляются основные, характерные признаки;
• подострая — может отражать множество проявлений кожных заболеваний, не относящихся к хронической форме.

К наиболее распространенным внутренним провоцирующим факторам можно отнести: инфекционные болезни, проблемы в работе желудочно-кишечного тракта, нарушения обмена веществ, индивидуальная непереносимость определенных веществ, аллергические реакции, наследственность. Гормональный сбой также является частой причиной, преимущественно в подростковом возрасте. Стрессы, чрезмерное перенапряжение, нервозность и другие расстройства нервной системы наряду с другими факторами способны вызвать множество кожных заболеваний. Лечить таковые следует в совокупности с восстановлением психоэмоционального фона.

Все виды кожных заболеваний имеют собственную специфику развития и лечения. Несмотря на множество общих фактов, дерматологические патологии существенно отличаются друг от друга. Но даже если они не относятся к разряду тяжелых патологий, требующих немедленной госпитализации, не стоит заниматься лечением. Квалифицированный специалист сможет не только поставить точный диагноз, но и назначит оптимальное лечение.

Грибковые заболевания кожи

Данный вид кожных заболеваний вызывают различные виды грибов. Множество таковых обитают в окружающей среде, некоторые находятся в организме человека постоянно, но становятся болезнетворными только под воздействием определенных факторов. Основными из них являются: пренебрежение правилами личной гигиены, повышенная температура и влажность воздуха, различные эндокринологические нарушения, ослабленный иммунитет. К наиболее известным грибковым заболеваниям кожи можно отнести:

• Разноцветный лишай — относится к категории кератомикозов. Вызывающий его грибок может долгое время оставаться в неактивной форме, заболевание возникает чаще всего вследствие ухудшения иммунной системы. Представляет собой множественные пятна розового

90000 Pictures, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Prevention 90001 90002 Skin disorders vary greatly in symptoms and severity. They can be temporary or permanent, and may be painless or painful. Some have situational causes, while others may be genetic. Some skin conditions are minor, and others can be life-threatening. 90003 90002 While most skin disorders are minor, others can indicate a more serious issue. Contact your doctor if you think you might have one of these common skin problems. 90003 90002 There are many different types of skin disorders.Here is a list of 25 with pictures. 90003 90008 Warning: graphic images ahead. 90009 90010 Acne 90011 90012 90013 Commonly located on the face, neck, shoulders, chest, and upper back 90014 90013 Breakouts on the skin composed of blackheads, whiteheads, pimples, or deep, painful cysts and nodules 90014 90013 May leave scars or darken the skin if untreated 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on acne. 90003 90010 Cold sore 90011 90012 90013 Red, painful, fluid-filled blister that appears near the mouth and lips 90014 90013 Affected area will often tingle or burn before the sore is visible 90014 90013 Outbreaks may also be accompanied by mild, flu-like symptoms such as low fever, body aches, and swollen lymph nodes 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on cold sores.90003 90034 90010 Blister 90011 90012 90013 Characterized by watery, clear, fluid-filled area on the skin 90014 90013 May be smaller than 1 cm (vesicle) or larger than 1 cm (bulla) and occur alone or in groups 90014 90013 Can be found anywhere on the body 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on blisters. 90003 90034 90010 Hives 90011 90012 90013 Itchy, raised welts that occur after exposure to an allergen 90014 90013 Red, warm, and mildly painful to the touch 90014 90013 Can be small, round, and ring-shaped or large and randomly shaped 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on hives.90003 90034 90010 Actinic keratosis 90011 90012 90013 Typically less than 2 cm, or about the size of a pencil eraser 90014 90013 Thick, scaly, or crusty skin patch 90014 90013 Appears on parts of the body that receive a lot of sun exposure (hands, arms, face, scalp, and neck) 90014 90013 Usually pink in color but can have a brown, tan, or gray base 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on actinic keratosis. 90003 90034 90010 Rosacea 90011 90012 90013 Chronic skin disease that goes through cycles of fading and relapse 90014 90013 Relapses may be triggered by spicy foods, alcoholic beverages, sunlight, stress, and the intestinal bacteria 90082 Helicobacter pylori 90083 90014 90013 There are four subtypes of rosacea encompassing a wide variety of symptoms 90014 90013 Common symptoms include facial flushing, raised, red bumps, facial redness, skin dryness, and skin sensitivity 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on rosacea.90003 90034 90010 Carbuncle 90011 90012 90013 Red, painful, and irritated lump under your skin 90014 90013 May be accompanied by fever, body aches, and fatigue 90014 90013 Can cause skin crustiness or oozing 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on carbuncles. 90003 90034 90010 Latex allergy 90011 90002 90109 This condition is considered a medical emergency. Urgent care may be required. 90110 90003 90012 90013 Rash may occur within minutes to hours after exposure to a latex product 90014 90013 Warm, itchy, red wheals at the site of contact that may take on a dry, crusted appearance with repeated exposure to latex 90014 90013 Airborne latex particles may cause cough, runny nose, sneezing, and itchy, watery eyes 90014 90013 A severe allergy to latex can cause swelling and difficulty breathing 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on latex allergies.90003 90034 90010 Eczema 90011 90012 90013 Yellow or white scaly patches that flake off 90014 90013 Affected areas may be red, itchy, greasy, or oily 90014 90013 Hair loss may occur in the area with the rash 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on eczema. 90003 90034 90010 Psoriasis 90011 90012 90013 Scaly, silvery, sharply defined skin patches 90014 90013 Commonly located on the scalp, elbows, knees, and lower back 90014 90013 May be itchy or asymptomatic 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on psoriasis.90003 90034 90010 Cellulitis 90011 90002 90109 This condition is considered a medical emergency. Urgent care may be required. 90110 90003 90012 90013 Caused by bacteria or fungi entering through a crack or cut in the skin 90014 90013 Red, painful, swollen skin with or without oozing that spreads quickly 90014 90013 Hot and tender to the touch 90014 90013 Fever, chills, and red streaking from the rash might be a sign of serious infection requiring medical attention 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on cellulitis.90003 90034 90010 Measles 90011 Share on PinterestContent Providers (s): CDC / Dr. Heinz F. Eichenwald [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons 90012 90013 Symptoms include fever, sore throat, red, watery eyes, loss of appetite, cough, and runny nose 90014 90013 Red rash spreads from the face down the body three to five days after first symptoms appear 90014 90013 Tiny red spots with blue-white centers appear inside the mouth 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on measles. 90003 90034 90010 Basal cell carcinoma 90011 90012 90013 Raised, firm, and pale areas that may resemble a scar 90014 90013 Dome-like, pink or red, shiny, and pearly areas that may have a sunk-in center, like a crater 90014 90013 Visible blood vessels on the growth 90014 90013 Easy bleeding or oozing wound that does not seem to heal, or heals and then reappears 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on basal cell carcinoma.90003 90034 90010 Squamous cell carcinoma 90011 90012 90013 Often occurs in areas exposed to UV radiation, such as the face, ears, and back of the hands 90014 90013 Scaly, reddish patch of skin progresses to a raised bump that continues to grow 90014 90013 Growth that bleeds easily and does not heal, or heals and then reappears 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on squamous cell carcinoma. 90003 90034 90010 Melanoma 90011 90012 90013 The most serious form of skin cancer, more common in fair-skinned people 90014 90013 Mole anywhere on the body that has irregularly shaped edges, asymmetrical shape, and multiple colors 90014 90013 Mole that has changed color or gotten bigger over time 90014 90013 Usually larger than a pencil eraser 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on melanoma.90003 90034 90010 Lupus 90011 90012 90013 Symptoms include fatigue, headaches, fever, and swollen or painful joints 90014 90013 Scaly, disc-shaped rash that does not itch or hurt 90014 90013 Scaly red patches or ring shapes most commonly located on the shoulders, forearms, neck, and upper torso that worsen with exposure to sunlight 90014 90013 Warm, red rash that spreads across the cheeks and bridge of the nose like butterfly wings and worsens in the sun 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on lupus.90003 90034 90010 Contact dermatitis 90011 90012 90013 Appears hours to days after contact with an allergen 90014 90013 Rash has visible borders and appears where your skin touched the irritating substance 90014 90013 Skin is itchy, red, scaly, or raw 90014 90013 Blisters that weep, ooze, or become crusty 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on contact dermatitis. 90003 90034 90010 Vitiligo 90011 90012 90013 Loss of pigment in the skin due to autoimmune destruction of the cells that give skin its color 90014 90013 Focal pattern: loss of skin color in only a few small areas that may merge together 90014 90013 Segmental pattern: depigmentation on one side of the body 90014 90013 Premature graying of scalp and / or facial hair 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on vitiligo.90003 90034 90010 Wart 90011 90012 90013 Caused by many different types of a virus called human papillomavirus (HPV) 90014 90013 May be found on the skin or mucous membranes 90014 90013 May occur singly or in groups 90014 90013 Contagious and may be passed to others 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on warts. 90003 90034 90010 Chickenpox 90011 90012 90013 Clusters of itchy, red, fluid-filled blisters in various stages of healing all over the body 90014 90013 Rash is accompanied by fever, body aches, sore throat, and loss of appetite 90014 90013 Remains contagious until all blisters have crusted over 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on chickenpox.90003 90034 90010 Seborrheic eczema 90011 90012 90013 Yellow or white scaly patches that flake off 90014 90013 Affected areas may be red, itchy, greasy, or oily 90014 90013 Hair loss may occur in the area with the rash 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on seborrheic eczema. 90003 90034 90010 Keratosis pilaris 90011 90012 90013 Common skin condition most often seen on the arms and legs, but might also occur on the face, buttocks, and trunk 90014 90013 Often clears up on its own by age 30 90014 90013 Patches of skin that appear bumpy, slightly red, and feel rough 90014 90013 May get worse in dry weather 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on keratosis pilaris.90003 90034 90010 Ringworm 90011 90012 90013 Circular-shaped scaly rashes with raised border 90014 90013 Skin in the middle of the ring appears clear and healthy, and the edges of the ring may spread outward 90014 90013 Itchy 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on ringworm. 90003 90034 90010 Melasma 90011 90012 90013 Common skin condition that causes dark patches to appear on the face and, rarely, the neck, chest, or arms 90014 90013 More common in pregnant women (chloasma) and individuals with darker skin color and heavy sun exposure 90014 90013 No other symptoms beyond skin discoloration 90014 90013 May go away on its own within a year or may become permanent 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on melasma.90003 90034 90010 Impetigo 90011 90012 90013 Common in babies and children 90014 90013 Rash is often located in the area around the mouth, chin, and nose 90014 90013 Irritating rash and fluid-filled blisters that pop easily and form a honey-colored crust 90014 90019 90002 Read full article on impetigo. 90003 90002 Many temporary skin conditions exist, including contact dermatitis and keratosis pilaris. 90003 90010 Contact dermatitis 90011 90002 Contact dermatitis is one of the most common occupational illnesses.The condition is often the result of contact with chemicals or other irritating materials. These substances can trigger a reaction that causes the skin to become itchy, red, and inflamed. Most cases of contact dermatitis are not severe, but they can be rather itchy. Topical creams and avoiding the irritant are typical treatments. 90003 90010 Keratosis pilaris 90011 90002 Keratosis pilaris is a minor condition that causes small, rough bumps on the skin. These bumps usually form on the upper arms, thighs, or cheeks.They’re typically red or white and do not hurt or itch. Treatment is not necessary, but medicated creams can improve skin appearance. 90003 90002 Some chronic skin conditions are present from birth, while others appear suddenly later in life. 90003 90002 The cause of these disorders is not always known. Many permanent skin disorders have effective treatments that enable extended periods of remission. However, they’re incurable, and symptoms can reappear at any time. Examples of chronic skin conditions include: 90003 90012 90013 rosacea, which is characterized by small, red, pus-filled bumps on the face 90014 90013 psoriasis, which causes scaly, itchy, and dry patches 90014 90013 vitiligo, which results in large, irregular patches of skin 90014 90019 90002 Skin disorders are common in children.Children can experience many of the same skin conditions as adults. Infants and toddlers are also at risk for diaper-related skin problems. Since children have more frequent exposure to other children and germs, they may also develop skin disorders that rarely occur in adults. Many childhood skin problems disappear with age, but children can also inherit permanent skin disorders. In most cases, doctors can treat childhood skin disorders with topical creams, medicated lotions, or condition-specific drugs.90003 90002 Common childhood skin disorders include: 90003 90002 Skin conditions have a wide range of symptoms. Symptoms on your skin that appear due to common problems are not always the result of a skin disorder. Such symptoms can include blisters from new shoes or chafing from tight pants. However, skin problems that have no obvious cause may indicate the presence of an actual skin condition that requires treatment. 90003 90002 Skin irregularities that are typically symptoms of a skin disorder include: 90003 90002 Common known causes of skin disorders include: 90003 90012 90013 bacteria trapped in skin pores and hair follicles 90014 90013 fungus, parasites, or microorganisms living on the skin 90014 90013 viruses 90014 90013 a weakened immune system 90014 90013 contact with allergens, irritants, or another person’s infected skin 90014 90013 genetic factors 90014 90013 illnesses affecting the thyroid, immune system, kidneys, and other body systems 90014 90019 90002 Numerous health conditions and lifestyle factors can also lead to the development of certain skin disorders.Some skin conditions have no known cause. 90003 90010 Inflammatory bowel disease 90011 90002 Inflammatory bowel disease is a term for a group of intestinal disorders that cause prolonged inflammation of the digestive tract. These bowel-related disorders often cause skin problems. The drugs used to treat these diseases can cause certain skin conditions, such as: 90003 90010 Diabetes 90011 90002 Many people with diabetes experience a skin problem as a result of their condition at some point. Some of these skin disorders only affect people with diabetes.Others occur more frequently in people with diabetes because the disease increases the risk for infection and blood circulation problems. Diabetes-related skin conditions include: 90003 90010 Lupus 90011 90002 Lupus is a chronic inflammatory disease that can damage the skin, joints, or organs inside the body. Common skin problems that occur from lupus include: 90003 90012 90013 round lesions on the face and head 90014 90013 thick, red, scaly lesions 90014 90013 red, ring-shaped lesions on body parts exposed to sunlight 90014 90013 flat rash on the face and body that looks like a sunburn 90014 90013 red, purple, or black spots on fingers and toes 90014 90013 sores inside the mouth and nose 90014 90013 tiny red spots on the legs 90014 90019 90010 Pregnancy 90011 90002 Pregnancy causes significant changes in hormone levels that may lead to skin problems.Preexisting skin problems may change or get worse during pregnancy. Most skin conditions that arise during pregnancy go away after the baby is born. Others require medical attention during pregnancy. 90003 90002 Common skin conditions caused by pregnancy include: 90003 90010 Stress 90011.90000 Skin Infection: Pictures, Causes and Treatments 90001 90002 Your skin is the largest organ of your body. Its function is to protect your body from infection. Sometimes the skin itself becomes infected. Skin infections are caused by a wide variety of germs, and symptoms can vary from mild to serious. Mild infections may be treatable with over-the-counter medications and home remedies, whereas other infections may require medical attention. Read on to learn more about skin infections and what to do if you have one.90003 90002 The following are four different types of skin infections: 90003 90006 1. Bacterial skin infections 90007 90002 Bacterial skin infections often begin as small, red bumps that slowly increase in size. Some bacterial infections are mild and easily treated with topical antibiotics, but other infections require an oral antibiotic. Different types of bacterial skin infections include: 90003 90006 2. Viral skin infections 90007 90002 Viral skin infections are caused by a virus. These infections range from mild to severe.Different types of viral infections include: 90003 90006 3. Fungal skin infections 90007 90002 These types of skin infections are caused by a fungus and are most likely to develop in damp areas of the body, such as the feet or armpit. Some fungal infections are not contagious, and these infections are typically non-life-threatening. 90003 90002 Different types of fungal infections: 90003 90006 4. Parasitic skin infection 90007 90002 These types of skin infections are caused by a parasite. These infections can spread beyond the skin to the bloodstream and organs.A parasitic infection is not life-threatening but can be uncomfortable. 90003 90002 Different types of parasitic skin infections include: 90003 90002 The symptoms of a skin infection also vary depending on the type. Common symptoms include redness of the skin and a rash. You may also experience other symptoms, such as itching, pain, and tenderness. 90003 90002 See a doctor if you have pus-filled blisters or a skin infection that does not improve or gets progressively worse. Skin infections can spread beyond the skin and into the bloodstream.When this happens it can become life-threatening. 90003 90002 Signs of a severe infection include: 90003 90002 The cause of a skin infection depends on the type of infection. 90003 90002 90035 Bacterial skin infection: 90036 This occurs when bacteria enter the body through a break in the skin, such as a cut or a scratch. Getting a cut or scratch does not necessarily mean you’ll develop a skin infection, but it does increase your risk if you have a weakened immune system. 90003 90002 A decreased immune system can be the result of an illness or the side effect of medication.90003 90002 90035 Viral skin infection: 90036 The most common viruses come from one of three groups of viruses: poxvirus, human papillomavirus, and herpes virus. 90003 90002 90035 Fungal infection: 90036 Body chemistry and lifestyle can increase the risk of a fungal infection. For example, you may experience multiple bouts of athlete’s foot if you’re a runner or if you sweat a lot. Fungi often grow in warm, moist environments. Wearing sweaty or wet clothes is a risk factor for skin infections.A break or cut in the skin may allow bacteria to get into the deeper layers of the skin. 90003 90002 90035 Parasitic skin infection 90036: Tiny insects or organisms burrowing underneath your skin and laying eggs can cause a parasitic skin infection. 90003 90002 A good medical exam is the best way to determine what is causing a skin infection. Often, doctors can identify the type of skin infection based on the appearance and location. 90003 90002 Your doctor may ask about your symptoms and closely examine any bumps, rashes, or lesions.For example, ringworm often causes a distinct circular, scaly rash. In other cases, a sample of skin cells can help your doctor determine the type of infection. 90003 90002 Treatment depends on the cause of the infection and the severity. Some types of viral skin infections may improve on their own within days or weeks. 90003 90002 Bacterial infections are often treated with topical antibiotics applied directly to the skin or with oral antibiotics. If the strain of bacteria is resistant to treatment, treating the infection may require intravenous antibiotics administered in the hospital.90003 90002 You can use over-the-counter antifungal sprays and creams to treat a fungal skin infection. If your condition does not improve, ask your doctor about prescription oral or topical creams. In addition, you can apply medicated creams to your skin to treat parasitic skin infections. Your doctor may also recommend medications to reduce discomfort like anti-inflammatory drugs. 90003 90006 Home care and alternative treatments 90007 90002 Home care for a skin infection works to reduce symptoms.Home care may include the following: 90003 90002 Ask your doctor what you can do. 90003 90002 The prognosis for a skin infection varies depending on the cause. Most types of bacterial infections respond well to medications. Certain strains of bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are resistant to common antibiotics and are more difficult to treat. 90003 90002 There are several ways to reduce the chances of developing a skin infection. Frequent hand washing is one of the best ways.90003 90002 Skin infections can vary from mild to severe. Make an appointment with your doctor if you have a skin condition that’s causing discomfort. Your doctor will be able to provide the necessary treatment for recovery. 90003 90002 90035 Keep reading: Skin disorders »90036 90003.90000 Human skin | anatomy | Britannica 90001 90002 Examine how a subcutaneous fat layer supplies nutrients to dense connective tissue and epithelial cells 90003 Animation and microphotography showing the skin’s three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutis. 90004 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 90005 See all videos for this article 90006 90002 Human skin 90003, in human anatomy, the covering, or integument, of the body’s surface that both provides protection and receives sensory stimuli from the external environment.The skin consists of three layers of tissue: the epidermis, an outermost layer that contains the primary protective structure, the stratum corneum; the dermis, a fibrous layer that supports and strengthens the epidermis; and the subcutis, a subcutaneous layer of fat beneath the dermis that supplies nutrients to the other two layers and that cushions and insulates the body. 90009 90006 Britannica Quiz 90009 90006 The Human Body 90009 90006 Where is the pharynx located? 90009 90016 Distinctive features 90017 90006 The apparent lack of body hair immediately distinguishes human beings from all other large land mammals.Regardless of individual or racial differences, the human body seems to be more or less hairless, in the sense that the hair is so vestigial as to seem absent; yet in certain areas hair grows profusely. These relatively hairy places may be referred to as epigamic areas, and they are concerned with social and sexual communication, either visually or by scent from glands associated with the hair follicles. 90009 90006 The characteristic features of skin change from the time of birth to old age. In infants and children it is velvety, dry, soft, and largely free of wrinkles and blemishes.Children younger than two years sweat poorly and irregularly; their sebaceous glands function minimally. At adolescence hair becomes longer, thicker, and more pigmented, particularly in the scalp, axillae, pubic eminence, and the male face. General skin pigmentation increases, localized pigmented foci appear mysteriously, and acne lesions often develop. Hair growth, sweating, and sebaceous secretion begin to blossom. As a person ages, anatomical and physiological alterations, as well as exposure to sunlight and wind, leave skin, particularly that not protected by clothing, dry, wrinkled, and flaccid.90009 90006 Human skin, more than that of any other mammal, exhibits striking topographic differences. An example is the dissimilarity between the palms and the backs of the hands and fingers. The skin of the eyebrows is thick, coarse, and hairy; that on the eyelids is thin, smooth, and covered with almost invisible hairs. The face is seldom visibly haired on the forehead and cheekbones. It is completely hairless in the vermilion border of the lips, yet coarsely hairy over the chin and jaws of males.The surfaces of the forehead, cheeks, and nose are normally oily, in contrast with the relatively greaseless lower surface of the chin and jaws. The skin of the chest, pubic region, scalp, axillae, abdomen, soles of the feet, and ends of the fingers varies as much structurally and functionally as it would if the skin in these different areas belonged to different animals. 90009 90002 skin 90003 A cross section of mammalian skin and its underlying structures. 90004 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 90005 Get exclusive access to content from our тисяча сімсот шістьдесят вісім First Edition with your subscription.Subscribe today 90006 The skin achieves strength and pliability by being composed of numbers of layers oriented so that each complements the others structurally and functionally. To allow communication with the environment, countless nerves-some modified as specialized receptor end organs and others more or less structureless-come as close as possible to the surface layer, and nearly every skin organ is enwrapped by skeins of fine sensory nerves. 90009 90006 The dermis makes up the bulk of the skin and provides physical protection.It is composed of an association of fibres, mainly collagen, with materials known as glycosaminoglycans, which are capable of holding a large amount of water, thus maintaining the turgidity of the skin. A network of extendable elastic fibres keeps the skin taut and restores it after it has been stretched. 90009 90006 The hair follicles and skin glands are derived from the epidermis but are deeply embedded in the dermis. The dermis is richly supplied with blood vessels, although none penetrates the living epidermis.The epidermis receives materials only by diffusion from below. The dermis also contains nerves and sense organs at various levels. 90009 90016 Blood and lymph vessels 90017 90006 Human skin is enormously well supplied with blood vessels; it is pervaded with a tangled, though apparently orderly, mass of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Such a supply of blood, far in excess of the maximum biologic needs of the skin itself, is evidence that the skin is at the service of the blood vascular system, functioning as a cooling device.To aid in this function, sweat glands pour water upon its surface, the evaporation of which absorbs heat from the skin. If the environment is cold and body heat must be conserved, cutaneous blood vessels contract in quick, successive rhythms, allowing only a small amount of blood to flow through them. When the environment is warm, they contract at long intervals, providing a free flow of blood. During muscular exertion, when great quantities of generated heat must be dissipated, blood flow through the skin is maximal.90009 90006 In addition to its control of body temperature, skin also plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure. Much of the flow of blood can be controlled by the opening and closing of certain sphincterlike vessels in the skin. These vessels allow the blood to circulate through the peripheral capillary beds or to bypass them by being shunted directly from small arteries to veins. 90009 90006 Human skin is permeated with an intricate mesh of lymph vessels. In the more superficial parts of the dermis, minute lymph vessels that appear to terminate in blind sacs function as affluents of a superficial lymphatic net that in turn opens into vessels that become progressively larger in the deeper portions of the dermis.The deeper, larger vessels are embedded in the loose connective tissue that surrounds the veins. The walls of lymph vessels are so flabby and collapsed that they often escape notice in specimens prepared for microscopic studies. Their abundance, however, has been demonstrated by injecting vital dyes inside the dermis and observing the clearance of the dye. 90009 90006 Because lymph vessels have minimal or no musculature in their walls, the circulation of lymph is sluggish and largely controlled by such extrinsic forces as pressure, skeletal muscle action, massaging, and heat.Any external pressure exerted, even from a fixed dressing, for example, interferes with its flow. Since skin plays a major role in immunologic responses of the body, its lymphatic drainage is as significant as its blood vascular system. 90009 90016 The skin surface 90017 90006 The intact surface of the skin is pitted by the orifices of sweat glands and hair follicles-the so-called pores-and is furrowed by intersecting lines that delineate characteristic patterns. All individuals have roughly similar markings on any one part of the body, but the details are unique.The lines are oriented in the general direction of elastic tension. Countless numbers of them, deep and shallow, together with the pores, give every region of the body a characteristic topography. Like the deeper furrows and ridges on the palms and soles, the skin lines are mostly established before birth. The fine details of each area of ​​body surface are peculiar to each individual. Fingerprints are used as a means of personal identification because they have a high relief, more evident patternings, and can be easily obtained.90009 90006 Some of the lines on the surface of the skin are acquired after birth as a result of use or damage. For example, furrows on the forehead are an accentuation of preexisting congenital lines that become strongly emphasized in old age. As the skin becomes less firm with aging, it also forms wrinkles. Certain occupations leave skin marks that, depending upon duration and severity, may be transient or permanent. 90009 90006 The palms of the hands and the soles of the feet are etched by distinct alternating ridges and grooves that together constitute dermatoglyphics.The ridges follow variable courses, but their arrangement in specific areas has a consistent structural plan. Though apparently continuous, the ridges have many interruptions and irregularities, branching and varying in length. Every small area of ​​surface has ridge details not matched anywhere in the same individual or in any other individual, even in an identical twin. This infallible signature makes dermatoglyphics the best-known physical characteristic for personal identification. 90009 .90000 Skin Disease Recognition Method Based on Image Color and Texture Features 90001 90002 Skin diseases have a serious impact on people’s life and health. Current research proposes an efficient approach to identify singular type of skin diseases. It is necessary to develop automatic methods in order to increase the accuracy of diagnosis for multitype skin diseases. In this paper, three type skin diseases such as herpes, dermatitis, and psoriasis skin disease could be identified by a new recognition method.Initially, skin images were preprocessed to remove noise and irrelevant background by filtering and transformation. Then the method of grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) was introduced to segment images of skin disease. The texture and color features of different skin disease images could be obtained accurately. Finally, by using the support vector machine (SVM) classification method, three types of skin diseases were identified. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.90003 90004 1. Introduction 90005 90002 Composed of epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissues, skin is the largest organ of human body, containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and muscles, which can perspire, perceive the external temperature, and protect the body. Covering the entire body, the skin can protect multiple tissues and organs in the body from external invasions including artificial skin damage, chemical damage, adventitious viruses, and individuals ‘immune system. Besides, skin can also avoid the loss of lipids together with water within epidermis and dermis so that skin barrier function can be stabilized [1].In spite of defense and barrier function, skin is not indestructible in that skin tends to be constantly influenced by a variety of external and genetic factors. Currently, there are three main types of skin diseases appearing in human body, including viral skin diseases, fungal skin diseases, and allergic skin disease. Despite the fact that these types of skin diseases can be cured at present, these diseases indeed have brought trouble to patients ‘life. Nowadays, the majority of conclusions on the patients ‘existing symptoms are drawn mainly based on doctors’ years of experience or their own subjective judgments, which may lead to misjudgments and consequently delay the treatment of these.Therefore, it is of great theoretical significance and practical value to study how to extract symptoms of diverse skin diseases on the basis of modern science and technology. Under this circumstance, effective and accurate identification of the types of skin diseases can be achieved to prescribe treatment according to patients ‘symptoms [2]. 90003 90002 Over the past few years, the image processing technique has achieved rapid development in medicine. Some equipment based on digital image technology has also been widely applied to people’s everyday life, for instance, computed tomography (CT), digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Deeper research on this direction has been carried out by scholars all over the world. For example, the skin disease varicella was detected by Oyola and Arroyo [3] through image processing technique’s color transformation, equalization as well as edge detection, and the image of varicella was eventually collected and classified through Hough transform. The final empirical results demonstrated that a better diagnosis was received in terms of detection on varicella, and preliminary test was also conducted on varicella and herpes zoster on that basis.Chung and Sapiro [4] put forward a method to detect the image of skin lesions based on partial differential equation (PDE), with which a contour model of skin lesions was extracted on the basis of its morphological filtering through PDE. The final empirical results demonstrated that skin diseases could be accurately identified through this algorithm. Yu et al. [5] made a diagnosis on herpes simplex, varicella, and herpes zoster through reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM). The final empirical results demonstrated that specificity could be extracted from all the three different types of herpes.Zhong et al. [6] diagnosed psoriasis vulgaris through three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) imageological technique of skin. The final empirical results demonstrated that diagnosis on psoriasis vulgaris of Munro’s microabscess was highly sensitive and specific. Sumithra et al. [7] proposed a novel approach for automatic segmentation and classification of skin lesions by using SVM and k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classifier. Yasir et al. [8] proposed a detection system, which could be used in computers or mobile phones, based on computer vision techniques.Arivazhagan et al. [9] proposed an automated system based on texture analysis for recognizing human skin diseases by independent component analysis of skin color image. The minimum distance classifier was used to classify the type of human skin diseases. Niu et al. [10] carried out an experiment on the color image of skin erythema through HSV color space and fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm. The final empirical results demonstrated that the time and accuracy of final segmentation could be improved through this method of dimensionality reduction.Liu and Guo [11] diagnosed and identified skin tumors, vascular dermatosis, and psoriasis through computed tomography (CT) based on the principle of optical confocal, which has been widely applied. Luo et al. [12] conducted diagnosis and identification on vitiligo through an independently developed analytic system of skin digital images. Both scientific and objective, the quantitative evaluation method was worth studying. Lu et al. [13] classified smooth pixels by employing two-dimensional digital image segmentation and resizing combined with Markov random field (MRF), which demonstrated a reliable segmentation.The final results illustrated that the diagnosis and identification of psoriasis can be well solved. Jaleel et al. [14] researched the skin cancer diagnosing methodology by using back propagation neural (BPN) network classifier. Salimi et al. [15] presented the pattern recognition method to classify the skin disease. Ganeshkumar and Vasanthi [16] researched the melanoma disease detection technique by using preprocessing and edge detection. Kolkur et al. [17] proposed a new human skin detection algorithm to improve the recognition of skin pixels, such as RGB (red, green, and blue), HSV (hue, saturation, and value), and YCbCr (luminance and chrominance) color models.Gindhi et al. [18] and Kotian and Deepa [19] studied the problem of skin disease automated diagnosis system based on the techniques of image border identification and feature data mining by matlab software. Kumar and Singh [20] established the relationship of skin cancer images across different types of neural network. Then, medical images were collected into this skin cancer classification system for training and testing based on the matlab image processing toolbox. 90003 90002 The above literature has made significant achievements on the identification of skin diseases.However, the proposed methods mainly aim at the identification of one type of skin disease, which makes them difficult to apply to the precise identification of multitype skins. Therefore, in this paper, a method based on vertical image segmentation, GLCM, and SVM is proposed to identify three various types of skin diseases, namely, herpes, paederus dermatitis, and psoriasis. Firstly, the sample images of three skin diseases need to be preprocessed. Secondly, the vertical image is segmented and made corresponding geometric transformation.Based on this, three types of skin diseases ‘features are extracted, and their correlated parameters of feature texture and pixels of lesion areas are collected through image segmentation. Finally, the symptoms of herpes, paederus dermatitis, and psoriasis are identified by utilizing the support vector machine (SVM) method in order to improve identification accuracy. 90003 90002 The remaining structures of this paper are as follows. The Preliminaries section presents the identification method of skin diseases based on GLCM and SVM.The feature extraction and disease recognition are presented in detail. Experimental results, comparisons, and discussions are provided in the Experiments and Analysis section, and finally conclusions are given in the Conclusions section. 90003 90004 2. Preliminaries 90005 90002 The main steps of proposed methodology to skin disease recognition are shown in Figure 1. The flow chart contains three phases: (1) processing of the original image; (2) feature extraction; and (3) classification based on SVM.The first stage is image processing. Because image may contain some unwanted noise, it becomes necessary to filter the image to remove the noise. Then, by using image rotation and segmentation, the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze. The specific areas of skin lesions are precisely divided, and the identification accuracy is improved through vertical image segmentation. The second stage is feature extraction, in which the image texture features and color features of the skin lesions are further extracted.In texture feature extraction, GLCM is used to find the mathematical parameters of like contrast, correlation, entropy, uniformity, and energy. The third stage is to identify the three various types of skin diseases according to obtained features based on SVM. 90003 90018 90019 90004 2.1. Image Prepocessing 90005 90002 Three common skin diseases are selected in this paper as the main research objects, which are herpes, paederus dermatitis, and psoriasis, respectively. Due to differences in ways of acquiring the source images of skin epidermis and in resolution and size, image preprocessing on source images are needed for the sake of subsequent vertical image segmentation.The specific processing is as follows. 90003 90002 Firstly, considering that noise constantly exerts a negative impact on acquired samples of skin epidermis’s source images, it is necessary to denoise through median filtering for the reduction of the impact on skin segmentation and identification brought by irrelevant background in the images. The median filter is a popular way to remove «salt-and-pepper» noise from an image and at the same time preserve edges and keep useful information. In this paper, the median filter is adopted to preprocess and smoothen the source images.The used formula is as follows: 90003.